Bt Essay Research Paper IntroductionThis report follows free essay sample

Bt Essay, Research Paper Introduction This study follows the fiscal life of BT and Cable and Wireless over a fit period. The start day of the month was 21st October 1999 and the coating informations was 3rd February 2000. In 1984 BT became a populace limited company, 51 % of its portions were sold to the populace, this was a sum of 3012 million portions. The purchase monetary value was 130 pence ; the offer was 3.2 times over subscribed. To this twenty-four hours BT remains the largest company in the British telecommunications industry. Cable and Wireless is one of BT s chief rivals but it has a far broader planetary span, with involvements in 70 states World-wide. The 1890ss saw rapid growing from both companies and a scheme alteration in 1999 has BT seeking to spread out as an international communications provider. The study concentrates on alterations in their portion monetary values and why these alterations may hold been caused. It is split into 3 subdivisions. First there is a brief treatments as to why Cable and Wireless was chosen as BT s chief rival. Second a general presentation of what has happened to BT and Cable Wireless portion monetary values every bit good as the FTSE 100. These alterations are linked to economic events that occurred during the period studied. Finally there is a more elaborate treatment of a major event impacting BT s portion monetary value. A brief treatment of why the rival was chosen and issues considered when taking it Cable and Wireless was considered to be good rival for our focal point company British Telecommunications ( see appendix III ) . The two companies have both close similarities and differences, but working within the same industry supplying viing services. British Telecommunications PLC supplies inland and international telecommunication services within the United Kingdom and overseas. It s chief merchandises and services include local, long-distance, and international calls ; telephone lines, equipment and private circuits for places and concerns ; supplying and pull offing private webs ; and providing nomadic communicating services. ( FT.com ) Cable and Wireless PLC is an international telecommunications group with operations in 70 states supplying services to both concern and domestic users. Servicess include telephone, Internet, overseas telegram telecasting, multimedia and informations transmittal. ( FT.com ) Business Dislocations It is really clear from the initial descriptions that there are both definite similarities and differences between the two companies. BT is more telecommunications orientated whereas Cable and Wireless have been interrupting through the barriers into Internet and, so, overseas telegram telecasting services. To specify more precisely where each concern was focused we looked at the dislocations of financial 1999 grosss: British Telecommunications Inland Telephone calls -30 % The bulk of BT s concern is Telephone Exchange Line Rentals -20 % made up of inland telephone calls. International Telephone Calls -9 % Mobile Communications -8 % Private Circuits -7 % Customer Premises Equipment Supply -5 % Grosss from UK operators -4 % Yellow Pages and other directories -3 % Other Gross saless and Services -14 % These assorted gross revenues and services are expected to be partially Entire 100 % Internet and multimedia related. Cable and Wireless International Telecommunications -39 % Large importance of international National Telecommunications -38 % concern compared to BT s 9 % Mobile Telephone services -12 % Cable Television -3 % Cableships -3 % Internet and Multimedia Services -2 % Managed Services and Outsourcing -2 % Other Revenue -1 % ( Beginning ; Financial Times Web Entire 100 % appendix IV and V ) Looking at these dislocations it is clear that both companies have really different orientations. It is nevertheless of import to retrieve that both of these companies are developing and spread outing their concern in all kinds of new countries. In peculiar the up and coming importance and popularity of e-commerce has brought frontward enlargement, particularly in BT, towards more Internet and multimedia development and investing. Company Aims More in-depth research into the companies is needed in order to place their company aims and therefore their programs for the hereafter. BT sighted their ambitious aim as being: to be the most successful global communications group. BT was one time a UK monopoly ; it is now transforming itself from a UK telecommunications company into a planetary communications company. It has grown from a national telecommunications operator, covering chiefly in fixed-voice telephone calls, to a planetary communications company with operations that span the universe and services that, in add-on to fixed-voice telephone, include the Internet, Mobile and information communications, and concern systems and solutions. BT has recognised the high addition in competition in the UK industry, of which it was one time a monopolizer, and has realised that to avoid being undercut and forced out of the market it needed to accommodate and respond to altering environment and progressively technologically advanced industry. Cable and Wireless have already recognised the importance of e-commerce and are later puting ends to further this advantage: Our hereafter success depends on going a leader in Internet and informations communications around the Earth. As the universe s most international operator, we are capitalizing on our strengths and shifting Cable and Wireless to prehend the of all time spread outing market chances. ( Sir Ralph Robins- Chairman ) Cable and Wireless is good cognizant that it is the lone big international operator and is working that fact. Their international coverage and multimedia focal point is clearly a consequence of this: Today as ordinance recedes and denationalization and competition become the norm, operators can offer any service to any client and the challenge is to offer the most competitory, end-to-end service for clients. New companies and confederations are jumping up to run into the demand. ( Graham Wallace- Chief Executive ) There is one outstanding difference between BT and Cable and Wireless. BT is a company that was stuck in its ways because for at the clip when it was a monopoly it was successful, now that the markets are altering, so the company needs to. Cable and Wireless has invariably reinvented itself as markets and engineering has changed, this is reflected in the larger dedication to Internet and informations communications. BT has late ( last 2/3 old ages ) realised that it needs to accommodate and it is now get downing to see the fruits of these alterations. Fiscal Similarities Clearly BT is larger company than Cable A ; Wireless, but to such a big extent that they are non able to vie against one another. Decision In decision to how our group made the determination of our rival, we based it around the facts that both companies were working, at least partially, within the same market and that they were both aiming the same consumers utilizing the same or similar services. We did look at other companies such as Orange and Vodafone who could besides be considered to rivals to BT but we considered that their countries of competition was merely within the nomadic communicating market, and hence decided that Cable and Wireless were a better all unit of ammunition rival. BT and Cable A ; Wireless portion monetary values This subdivision will show the portion monetary values of both companies from 21st Oct 1999 to 3rd Oct 2000, along with the FTSE-100 index value. BT s portion monetary value motions will be compared to Cable A ; Wireless s and both will be linked to economic events during this period. The general tendency of all graphs will be discussed, before analyzing in greater item any important additions or lessenings in the portion monetary values. The day-to-day portion monetary values are under appendix ( I ) . Two graphs exposing the informations are under appendix ( II ) . The first thing that has to be noted is that during the period followed Cable and Wireless significantly out performed BT, even though for long periods BT had a higher portion monetary value. Cable and Wireless had a get downing portion value of 668.5 pence and finished the period with a value of 1243 pence. This was an 86 % addition. This compared to BT get downing on 935.5 and completing on 975, merely a 4 % addition in portion monetary value. However, up until the center of December portion monetary values were increasing at similar rates. The graphs represent the period up until 14th Dec. On the printed graph a additive tendency line for each company has been added. It can be seen that the lines are really about parallel. This goes to demo that both portion monetary values have been increasing at similar rates. The overlying graph represents the motions of the FTSE 100 up until the center of December. When compared to the graph above it can be seen that the tendency line is steeper, i.e. increasing at a greater rate than the two companies. This implies that BT and Cable A ; Wireless are non executing every bit good as the economic system in general. Any possible grounds for this will be discussed subsequently in the study. It is from the in-between December onwards that important alterations start to happen. BT had a autumn in lucks where as Cable A ; Wireless continued to bask increased value. It is these motions that need greater analysis to construe why the portion monetary values moved in separate waies. Each company will be dealt with in bend with timely comparings being made when needed. Cable and Wireless portion monetary value motions The first large move was an addition from 898 to 1081 pence. That was a 20 % addition in value in merely 4 yearss during December. This addition occurred during the proclamations of their enlargement in the net. The enlargement includes Cable and Wireless re-inventing itself as a high quality planetary platform for concern informations and Internet Protocol. This has attracted a batch of investing from American financess ; therefore the portion monetary value has risen. During this period BT s portion value was diminishing proposing that investors could hold been exchanging to a company that seems to be spread outing more quickly in the hunt of increased returns. The following noticeable motion was another big addition mid manner through January 2000. An addition from 1047.5 to 1338 pence per portion occurred in merely 1 hebdomad, taking the monetary value of Cable and Wireless portions above that of BT s. This addition was the markets reaction to the fact that merely 1 hebdomad earlier on the 13th January it was announced that the company had acquired eight of Europe s taking Internet Service Providers ( ISP s ) increasing their entire investing in European concern ISP s to 300m. Besides the acquisition of a new web set Cable A ; Wireless as one of the taking suppliers of concern Internet services in Europe. This investing was associating to its program to spread out in Internet Protocol and doubtless provoked another addition in demand for overseas telegram and wireless portions. The fact that Cable A ; Wireless has already invested a great trade in this of all time, spread outing market should ensue in big future net incomes. BT portion monetary value motions The terminal of December marked the first of the large lessenings in BT s portion monetary value. On 29th Dec the monetary value was 1513 pence, by 7th Jan it had slumped to 1201 pence. During this period it was announced that BT were doing a joint command with Vodafone for the Spanish Mobile Phone Company Airtel. It could be expected that intelligence of possible return over would increase the demand for BT portions in the outlook of higher dividends from net incomes made by the subordinate company. Obviously this did non happen. BT was non the lone company that had this bead in portion monetary value. Markets across Europe fell due to the fright of involvement and rising prices rates increasing. This rise in rates means that it is more expensive for a house to pay off debts. Besides consumers will pass less. Both of these factors will take to a autumn in company net incomes. The anticipation of high rates hence, explained the autumn in BT s portion monetary value. It is besides noticeable that Cable A ; Wireless had a autumn in public presentation in that they were non increasing in monetary value every bit much as they were during the hebdomads before. Cable A ; Wireless portion monetary values do non drop every bit much as BT s because BT has greater debts to pay back ; therefore any net incomes will be affected by a greater per centum than for Cable A ; Wireless. There was a 2nd large motion for BT, which was after they released let downing third- one-fourth figures, which sent the company portions immersing below Cable and Wireless. Third-quarter pre-tax net incomes fell to 651m from 858m a twelvemonth earlier. BT blamed speed uping UK competition, such as that from Cable and Wireless, and high staff costs. The portions tumbled 214 or 18 per cent to 976p. THE MAJOR EVENT Introduction The chosen major event is the release of BT s interim semiannual consequences on November 11th 1999. The rival company s study was released on the old twenty-four hours, and so this should supply utile comparings. Activity OF THE SHARE PRICES BEFORE THE EVENT The portion monetary value of BT remained rather changeless during the hebdomad before the event, with merely minor fluctuations. The portion monetary value made modest additions on the two yearss prior to the release. This seems to propose market cautiousness about BT s growing chances in the progressively competitory telecom industry. This stableness of the portion monetary value infers that there was no rapid purchasing of BT portions by investors trusting to buy them at a price reduction, before the rise in monetary value that would follow good consequences. Neither was there heavy merchandising which would coerce the portion monetary value down. During the same period before the release of Cable and Wireless s study its portion monetary value fluctuated, but fell 14.5 points on the twenty-four hours before the proclamation. This suggests investors may hold sold the portions. If this was the instance so it points to a deficiency of assurance in the company, and that they expect the portion monetary value to fall more in the hereafter instead than lift. The ground for this deficiency of assurance may be due to uncertainness about the scheme of the company. This can be summed up in the quotation mark: It was still hard to state what Cable and Wireless was truly for. ( The Economist, June 5th 1999 ) This article was written a short clip after a new direction squad took over the company. They are committed to a scheme of streamlining the company and concentrating on concern communications. The downward motion in the portion monetary value suggests that the market is unsure how successful they will be in accomplishing this aim. Motions ON THE DAY OF RELEASE OF THE REPORTS The figures in BT s study were by and large perceived to be good, which is shown in the headline: BT shrugs off escalating competition. ( Financial Times, 12th November 1999 ) The autumn in net incomes in this one-fourth is due to the fact that there was a sell-off of assets and minority involvements worth 1 bn in the same one-fourth last twelvemonth, which will hold unnaturally enhanced last old ages net income. The market reaction to the consequences was positive, and the portion monetary value closed on November 11th on a new high of 1254p. The strong public presentation of BT will likely hold been helped by the fact that on the old twenty-four hours Cable and Wireless s consequences had non been good. Net incomes rose, nevertheless, this addition was brought approximately by disposals of 4 bn during the one-fourth. The market realised this addition was non due to better public presentation. This is clearly proved by the big autumn in implicit in net incomes per portion. The company increased it s interim dividend to 4.5p, nevertheless, this is still merely half that being paid by BT. So, investors looking for a regular income from their investing would be likely to purchase BT portions and non those of Cable and Wireless. The company s portion monetary value fell by 18.5 points to shut at 665.5p. Activity OF THE SHARE PRICES FOLLOWING THE EVENT The portion monetary value of BT fluctuated in the undermentioned hebdomad, but maintained a degree higher than before the release of the study. On Monday 15th of November it closed on another high of 1298p. This implies that the market assurance in BT remained strong. The improved degree of BT s portions is besides likely to hold been caused by the shutting of a trade with Viag of Germany giving BT entree to the Swiss and Austrian markets for the first clip. Deriving entree to new markets is likely to better BT s profitableness in the hereafter, hence doing the company more attractive to investors. The portion monetary value of Cable and Wireless improved after the initial autumn and gained 115 points to shut on a new high of 780.5p on November 12th. The chief ground was market guess that Cable and Wireless was about to sell-off its interest in Hong Kong Telecom. This subordinate has been making severely because of the Asiatic stock market crisis. This possible trade brought blessing from analysts. On the same twenty-four hours the agents Goldman and Sachs said that Cable and Wireless portions have a sum-of-parts value of 950p. When well-thought-of agents suggest that portions are worth more than their current trading monetary value stockholders are likely to purchase the portions trusting to do capital additions. Activity OF THE FTSE-100 INDEX DURING THE WHOLE Time period During the 20-day window environing the events the FTSE-100 index rose systematically, seting an norm of 30.2 points a twenty-four hours. The FTSE fell merely twice during the period, and this was merely after it reached a new high on the old yearss. So this suggests strong assurance in the market in general, which will hold assisted the two companies. Decision The close observations of the 2 companies over the period have revealed significant fluctuations in portion monetary value. Cable and Wireless were seen to predominate due to their better Internet and planetary enlargements. BT s public presentation has declined to such an extent that market assurance has fallen dramatically, as revealed in their worsening portion monetary value. Appendix I ) Table of informations demoing the day-to-day portion monetary values of BT and Cable and Wireless, every bit good as the FTSE-100. II ) Line Graph that represents the day-to-day portion monetary values for the period that was followed. III ) A piece of advertisement from Cable and Wireless indicating out the how close a rival BT is. IV ) Print out from FT.com, used to supply informations on what countries each company focuses its concern on. The chief point that has to be noted about a free market is that there is no pay compositor. The pay is determined in much the same manner as a goods and services market. This means that the pay is set at the point where the demand and supply of labor intersect. The diagram below shows labour market equilibrium. Insert graph demoing demand and supply of labor Equilibrium pay being tungsten, equilibrium measure of labor Supplied and demanded being q1. D1 and S represent the initial demand and supply of labor. The point at which they intersect gives the equilibrium pay rate as W1 and the equilibrium measure of labour employed as Q1. At point D2 the market is non in equilibrium because at the pay rate W1 there is a greater demand for labour than supply. This consequences in houses holding to vie with one another to pull workers to their companies. Increasing the rewards to W2 does this. This so attracts more workers and supply additions to Q2, one time once more making market equilibrium. Due to the nature of the market a monopsonist is a pay shaper instead than pay taker. This means the house has the power to defy pay additions and can even coerce the pay rate down. However a monopsonist is in competition against other industries. This is particularly the instance if the house has to use more workers. The lone beginning of new workers may be from another industry. If this is the instance the monopsonist will hold to put a pay rate higher than the equilibrium pay in another industry in the hope that workers will be tempted to travel to the industry in which the monopsonist is in.

Key Pieces of Colonization Essay Topics

Key Pieces of Colonization Essay Topics So How About Colonization Essay Topics? There are many steps that you should take as a way to compose a superb essay. Completely free European Colonization essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. You may observe a list of 25 topics you can select from the one which best fits your assignment. Thus, it's important to read corresponding formatting guide. School should occur in the evenings. Totally free English Colonization essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Books ought never to be banned. Modern-day colonialism began with the Age of Discovery. The Tried and True Method for Colonization Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Your professor or client reads a great deal of essays and a great majority are written by men and women who like to play it saf e. Canadian students must deal with the exact same problem of picking engaging argumentative essay topics as the remainder of the world. The Debate Over Colonization Essay Topics The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. In terms of the subject area, it's best fits Social Sciences subject location. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will allow you to select your own. In case the professor did not give you the topic, think about doing it. The Fight Against Colonization Essay Topics You devote a good deal of education on writing argumentative essays. Thus, for your coursework, you're want to have the very best ideas. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. Naturally, it's so much better when a student is supplied a freedom to select the subject of their essay. Locating good essay topics you might discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a difficult work. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. You must have skills to compose a very good essay. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new thoughts and perspectives. What You Should Do About Colonization Essay Topics Beginning in the Next Two Minutes Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't challenging to discover. It is possible to pick topics from several lists of ready themes. If you feel you need assistance with your written assignments it is preferable to request expert help from online writing service. If you're struggling, you always have the option to get help by utilizing an essay writing service such as ours. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly gra ded. To be certain that your paper stands out you are able to also, benefit from choosing an unusual subject. The target of such essays isn't to demonstrate your knowledge, yet to exhibit the crucial thinking and analytical skills. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. Since you may see, there's a plethora of different argumentative paper titles it's possible to utilize. If you're looking for examples of argumentative essays, here's a sample that will help you out! When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. If you've got to write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Things You Should Know About Colonization Essay Topics When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential point to do is to select a topic and an a rgument you may really get behind. Finding a topic all on your own is quite mind-torturing. It's not sufficient to select a topic which everybody agrees on. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. You need to read lots of books, textbooks or watch some videos to have a fantastic comprehension of your subject and be in a position to come up with a compelling argument. The topic has to be based on an excellent evidence base. A superb topic will allow it to be simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, evidently, the whole investigation of the problem you speak about. When you are requested to pick a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with.

How to Find a Topic For Your Research Paper Assaying

How to Find a Topic For Your Research Paper AssayingWriting your research paper can be a fun and interesting experience if you know how to do it the right way. Many people worry about writing a thesis and researching for the main topic of their dissertation, but once you know how to write a thesis and how to find a topic for your research paper, it will be a lot easier for you to do it.A thesis is a document that will be used as your curriculum vitae or CV, and most schools will require a thesis for your admission. But how do you go about writing your thesis? There are a few simple steps you can take that will help you in getting it right.First you will need to decide what topic you want to write about. Some people decide on religion, others on the politics of a particular country, while others decide on specific types of literature or history. Once you have determined what the topic is, you can begin searching for ideas.Once you decide on a topic, you will need to consider how to us e the internet to your advantage. You will need to do some research to make sure that the topic you choose is one that can be found easily online. There are several different resources you can use to find topics and sources for your thesis. If you use several different search engines, the results can be overwhelming.One way to find topics and sources for your research paper is to look at the topics that have already been researched. Usually these are those that have been written about already. You may want to go to a website that has a large collection of articles written about a certain topic. This can help you narrow down your search a bit to make sure that your topic is among the best.You can also use books as a resource. However, books are not always easy to get hold of because you may have to buy them from publishers. This means that they can be hard to find, which means that you will need to find other ways to get your information.One way to do this is to look for an article y ou read online or an article you saw somewhere else that you think can be used as a source for your thesis. When you use this method, you will want to check with the publisher to make sure that the book was properly reviewed and approved by the publisher before it is released to the public. These tips will help you find a topic for your research paper assingment so that you can become a better writer and more effective in your education.

About Addiction Research Paper

About Addiction Research PaperResearch paper is one of the most important activities that can help your organization get to the bottom of your drug abuse problem. You are able to save your organization money as well as time and you can also start looking at prevention measures to help stop the abuse of drugs and alcohol in your organization.As a leader, you are required to go through every detail of your substance abuse research paper. This includes items like feasibility, benefits, risks, severity and mitigation of the problems. It also includes a list of the reasons for the involvement of the users of alcohol or drugs in your organization.If you are under the court's order, you have to follow all legal issues and procedures related to it. You will be required to compile information on how the leaders in your organization who have taken a decision to stop using drugs should be given the authority to give this order. They must also be followed in making the latest decisions as well a s the methods of dealing with them.The objective of this kind of research is to collect and compile as much information about the problems of addiction that your organization has and also gather information from people who have suffered from this drug abuse. These people are the most qualified to give the best opinions on your organization's drug abuse research paper.There are very serious consequences when it comes to drug abuse. In most cases, it can cause hospitalization, overdose, withdrawal symptoms, dependency, drug addiction and serious medical problems. You are required to report your findings regarding each of these circumstances to the leadership of your organization, particularly your drug abuse research paper.When writing the substance abuse research paper, you need to consider several factors. Among these factors are: the economic, health, legal and social concerns involved. You have to consider all of these and make sure that your paper will give all the information ne eded.Make sure that you keep your addiction research paper as simple as possible and make it cover as many issues as possible. Give your paper a professional look as well as a formal one. Remember, your organization's leaders will be receiving your addiction research paper and it is their responsibility to read it carefully.

Teach Writing and Analyzing With AP Language and Composition Student Samples

Teach Writing and Analyzing With AP Language and Composition Student SamplesThere are many professional organizations and businesses that are looking for a student who can provide a quality AP Language and Composition student samples. This is because some of the students excel in this field, while some have some difficulty. In other words, you have to give a reference to the employer that provides a resume that you are ready to attend for an interview.The first thing that you need to do is get hold of the AP curriculum that is coming up. This will help you get the best AP curriculum book that you are capable of completing. The AP Student Manual is now included with the syllabus for most subjects such as English, Maths, Biology, Psychology, Art, and Music.While writing an AP Creative Writing essay, you should also have an understanding of the concepts of artistic analysis. This is because writing that does not contain artistic analysis would be deemed as dull. You can find a lot of in formation on this subject in the AP guidebook.The latest AP Curriculum, especially the Advanced Placement Curriculum, is a great source for you if you want to take an AP Textbook and your wish is to write an AP Essay, because they provide you with the concepts that you need to cover in an essay. Many students are doing this because of the existence of AP tutors.The students who want to know more about the concepts of creative writing and rhetorical analysis and composition will love the AP Language and Composition student samples. With them, you will learn about topics like the writer's duties, grammar and rhetoric, and the attitude needed to write well. It has all this and more to go through so that you will be confident that you can write well.Students who opt for these essay samples are also encouraged to discover the sources of information and the resources that they can use to gain the skills that they need in the English literature course. This will ensure that they will be ab le to read well and write good essays and short stories. They will also learn how to express their thoughts better, without worrying about the time it takes.You can search for AP Language and Composition student samples online and at bookstores that provide literature courses. This is because these student samples are provided by the college or university that is offering the literature course. If you are not sure about where to find these materials, you can also ask an instructor in your school.

International Accounting and Financial Reporting

International accounting and financial reporting are the accounting standards which are based on accounting interpretations and the framework as they have been stipulated by the international accounting Standards Board which were formed in 1989.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Accounting and Financial Reporting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a business trend and technique that the financial report of a business enterprise should be prepared at the end of the financial period. The financial period in this case may be at the end of the year or the middle of the year. Whichever the case, the system adopted in making the financial report made is referred to as the Interim financial report system (IFRS) (IASB, 2009, p.405). This paper seeks to compare the non-accounting variables that might influence the disclosure and financial reporting regulations in developing and non-developing countries. Th e time at which the financial report is prepared depends on the organizations mode of operation and when the company started counting it is fiscal year. In other terms, international Accounting and financial reporting permits one to have an understanding of how IFRS are interpreted and their application in preparing the financial statements (IFRS, 2008). Financial Reporting is a system which is stipulated and has a guideline which ought to be followed to the latter. The financial service mostly comprises of three steps and this includes; 1. The status of international accounting system board (IASB) – entails integrating the project to bring authenticity of the accounting records; 2 An account for the foreign companies, and for this matter only those that keep their files with the IFRFS; and 3. Documents having major accounting standards that affects the foreign investments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contents in International Accounting and Financial Reporting The system is updated on a quarterly basis and is based on the following procedure ‘ It is an accounting procedure which classifies diverse sets of standards within the accounting option It also highlights a numerous examples of IFRS which can be computed in compliance to the standards The international finance report system (IFRS) has a capability to disclose all the requirements needed in making the report. It holds a good number of examples on financial statement presentation and supporting evidence from the original IFRS, both the yearly and quarterly reports. It also maintains numerous extracts from recent form 20-F filings and this discloses on the variations from the U.S.A. G.A.A.P. It also harbors a swift reference material which discloses relevant differences which subsist between IFRS and U.S G.A.A.P. Non-accounting variables that might influence the disclosure and f inancial reporting in a developed country (U.S.A) Non – accounting variables are the costs or the conservatives which do no change with any changes within the organizations, they are more of the fixed variables. In other words they remain untouched regardless of whatever happens within the organization. United States of America is considered as one of the developed Nations among nations, and this therefore will be the reference in relation to the developed countries. It is the role of the financial officer to present financial report and this should portray transparency, accountability besides being very authentic. Some factors within the organization may compel or influence presentation of financial reporting since they may appear very crucial within the organization (IASB, 2008, p.2500). Information technology in the developing countries is one of the aspect or a non-accounting variable which may influence presentation of financial reporting. Unlike in the developing countr ies such as Zimbabwe, the factor has well been embraced in almost all the organization. This has been a bit easy since most of the emerging trends within the organizations are from the developed countries. For instance, Automation is a non- accounting variable which has greatly influenced making of financial reporting. As an emerging trend it may impact great changes within the organization because the manual labor used in accounting for products is changed but in a way but at the same time their no effect in the production quota.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Accounting and Financial Reporting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that it remains to be a fixed variable since the change in technology does not influence the working conditions of the employees. This is because the developed nations have been used to diverse technologies and thus any changes do not affect the production (IASB, 2009, p.405). However, it influences disclosure of financial re porting since introduction of technology into an organization means a lot of finances have been used thus ought to be accounted for in order to portray transparency and accountability both internally and externally. This sets an organization on better position as opposed to those organizations which do not distinguish between the variables. This raises eyebrows as to why investors do invest in the developed countries instead of uplifting the developing countries. Organizational structure within an organization is another non-accounting variable which may not affect the production process within the organization but may influence disclosure of financial reporting. A well set up organizational structure is a strong determinant for a stable and consistent organization as the hierarchy is well defined and therefore no conflict of duties or dies. Each person is satisfied and contented with his or her position and this comes from the favorable working conditions besides satisfactory payments. In essence, this will boost their motivation and thus increasing the rate of production and therefore accelerating the sales. In order to upshot this within the organization; a report ought to be prepared to the shareholders in order to alert them (Timothy, 2007, p.100). The changes in organizational structure made by the strategic management team may be required to be financed, thus a need to also effect this in the books of account.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental uncertainties are another non-variable factor which compel or influence an organization to disclose the financial report regulations. Though, an organization may try as much as possible not to disclose some vital information regarding it is operations, some un-predetermined factors may force them to reveal. Natural calamities for instance, earthquakes may dilapidate an organization but since the developed nations such as the U.S have always kept some reserves for such miss-happenings, may try to cover up the mess by reimbursing everything to its original situation but it may be difficult. The difficulty in this case may be lack of enough resources to cover up the mess and due to fear that the organization may lose reputation by collapsing, they may decide to open up and ask for finances from outside sources. The borrowing of funds will therefore be determined by the financial report. The lenders will be in a position to decide whether the business was a going concern o r not. New management accounting policies is another factor which may influence an organization to disclose their financial report. Developed countries work under the healthy competition strategy and since the organizations have common objective of making profit and boosting their own economy, they are compelled to disclose some of the vital information within the financial report in order to keep them moving. Non-accounting variables which might influence disclosure of financial report in developing countries (Zimbabwe) Developing countries such as Zimbabwe experience many non-accounting variables as compared to developed nations. To begin with, management credibility is one of the major factors that affect the reporting of organizations’ financial positions in a rather shaky economy of Zimbabwe. Transparency, accountability and trustworthy among the management team is a factor which has in a way affected the overall organizations in the developing world or nations. This bei ng a non- accounting variable has extensively compelled most of the organizations to openly expose their financial for the public interest. This is another way to reveal those that behind the fall or collapse of a given organization. When the responsible find themselves in such circumstances and they have no other ways to cover up the reputation of the organization they disclose the documents to the public (Timothy, 2007, p.200). Market share is seen as another factor. Market share is the amount of portion which an individual or an organization holds out of a given proportion. Since it is a fixed asset and cannot directly affect the production of the country since the company does not depend on its operations, it always appears on the financial accounts as an additional capital. Due to the instability and inconsistency of most of the organizations in Zimbabwe, any minor changes in the additional capital will have an impact in the whole system and thus this may influence disclosure o f the same in the financial report. Moreover, developing countries might find it difficult to be able to maintain the competent and skilled manpower within the organization. Therefore, this being a non-accounting variable may influence the organization to disclose its financial report to the shareholders and public with an aim of getting viable and incompetent workforce who may demand for less fee for the services offered. This is a factor which has made the developing countries to remain in the same state for quite a long time (Jerry, Et al, 2009, p.250). In conclusion, financial reporting is essential in any organization and managers are urged to consider the non-financial variables that may influence this disclosure. The US and Zimbabwe are the countries analyzed in this paper. The major non-financial variable in US is information technology since many organizations are compelled to provide information that can be audited using computer applications. In Zimbabwe the main factor i s management credibility which aims at withstanding the shaky economy in the country. Other factors in both countries include market structure, organizational structure, and ability to retail talented employees. It is therefore essential for any organization seeking to enter the international market to consider all the non-accounting variables in order to have proper management plans. References IASB, 2009, International Financial Reporting Standards, New York: Kluwer. International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS, 2008, International Accounting Standards Board Chicago: Kluwer. International Accounting Standards Board , 2008, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs ®) 2008: Chicago: Kluwer. Jerry J. Weygandt, Paul D. Kimmel, Donald E. Kieso, 2009, Financial Accounting, Edition7, New York: John Wiley and Sons. Timothy, J, 2007, Advances in International Accounting, Volume 20, Elsevier Book Series on Science Direct, Chica go: Elsevier. This essay on International Accounting and Financial Reporting was written and submitted by user Scarlett N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Green Card Program for Rich Foreigners is Fraud Risk, GAO Says

Green Card Program for Rich Foreigners is Fraud Risk, GAO Says A federal government program that helps wealthy foreigners get temporary U.S citizenship â€Å"green cards† is a bit too easy to trick, says the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). The program is called the EB-5 immigrant investor program. The U.S. Congress created it in 1990 as an economic stimulus measure, but legislation funding the program is due to expire on December 11, 2015, leaving lawmakers scrambling to revise and revive it. One proposal would raise the minimum required investment to as much as $1.2 million, while retaining same the job creation requirements. To qualify for the EB-5 program, immigrant applicants must agree to invest either $1 million in a U.S. business that is to create at least 10 jobs, or $500,000 in a business located in an area that is considered rural or has an unemployment rate at least 150% of the national average rate. Once they qualify, the immigrant investors are eligible for conditional citizenship status allowing them to live and work in the United States. After 2 years of living in the United States, they can apply to have the conditions for legal permanent residency removed. In addition, they can apply for full U.S. citizenship after 5 years of living in the United States. So, What Are the EB-5 Problems? In a report requested by Congress, the GAO found that efforts by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) detect and prevent fraud in the EB-5 visa program have been lacking, thus making it hard to determine program’s actual positive impact on the economy, if any. Fraud in the EB-5 program ranges from participants overstating job creation figures to applicants using illegally gained funds to make their initial investments. In one example reported to the GAO by the U.S. Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate, an EB-5 applicant concealed his financial interests in a number of brothels in China. The application was ultimately denied. Drug trade is one of the most common sources of illicit investment funds used by potential EB-5 program participants. While the GAO gave no details for reasons of national security, there is also a possibility that some applicants for the EB-5 program may have ties to terrorist groups. However, GAO reported that U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, a DHS component, relies too heavily on outdated, paper-based information, thus creating â€Å"significant challenges† to its ability to detecting EB-5 program fraud. The GAO noted that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission reported getting more than 100 tips, complaints, and referrals related to possible securities fraud violations and the EB-5 Program from January 2013 through January 2015. Overstated Success? When interviewed by the GAO, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) reported that from 1990 to 2014, the EB-5 program had generated more than 73,730 jobs while contributing at least $11 billion to the U.S. Economy. But the GAO had a major problem with those figures. Specifically, the GAO stated that â€Å"limitations† in the methods Citizenship and Immigration Services uses to calculate the program’s economic benefit may cause the agency to â€Å"overstate some economic benefits derived from the EB-5 Program.† For example, the GAO found that the USCIS’s methodology assumes that all immigrant investors approved for the EB-5 program will invest all the money required and that that money will be spent totally on the business or businesses in which they claim to be investing. However, GAO’s analysis of actual EB-5 program data revealed that fewer immigrant investors successfully and fully completed the program than were approved in the first place. In addition, â€Å"the actual amount invested and spent in these circumstances is unknown, noted the GAO.